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John Wycliffe

Reply to My Summons of Pope Urban to Come to Rome

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John Wycliffe 4 min read
#Biblical Authority #Christology #The Five Solas
1 Article
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John Wycliffe
John Wycliffe 4 min read
1 articles

John Wycliffe defends his theological positions against papal summons, arguing that the Gospel of Christ must be the foundation of all Christian law and that the Pope, as Christ's vicar, is obligated to embody Christ's poverty and rejection of worldly power. Drawing on Scripture—particularly Christ's refusal of earthly kingship (John) and His material destitution—Wycliffe contends that clergy should renounce temporal lordship and follow Christ's example of spiritual humility rather than ecclesiastical dominion. He warns that a Pope who pursues worldly authority contrary to Christ's teachings risks becoming Antichrist, while asserting his own obedience to God supersedes obedience to papal authority.

What does the Bible say about the role of the Pope?

The Bible emphasizes that Christ is the ultimate authority, suggesting that the pope should align closely with the teachings of the Gospel.

The role of the Pope, as the highest vicar of Christ on earth, is meant to reflect the teachings of the Gospel, which is the heart of God's law. John Wycliffe asserts that the pope is obliged to keep the gospel among all men, as the supreme goal of his position is to imitate Christ's virtuous life rather than seek worldly power. Wycliffe highlights instances in the Gospels where Christ rejected earthly authority and sought humility, reiterating that the church's leaders must also live in accordance with these principles.

Romans 14:4, John 13:14-15, Matthew 20:26-28

How do we know Christ's teachings are central to the Christian faith?

Christ's teachings are foundational and central, as reinforced by scripture and the historical actions of the church.

Wycliffe explains that Jesus Christ's life and teachings represent the heart of the Gospel, which informs all aspects of God's law. He emphasizes that Christ exemplified perfect humility and service, demonstrating that worldly leadership and authority should not overshadow the essence of Christian faith. By rejecting earthly kingship and instead choosing poverty and servitude, Christ established a model for all Christians, which should direct their faith and practice. This alignment with Christ's teachings is moreover supported by Pauline writings, indicating that the church's directives must reflect Christ’s character and mission.

Philippians 2:5-8, Matthew 11:29-30

Why is it important for Christians to follow the teachings of Christ?

Following Christ’s teachings is essential for true discipleship and maintaining the integrity of the faith.

According to Wycliffe, the teachings of Christ are paramount for Christians, as they form the foundation of their faith and practice. Discipleship calls for believers to emulate Christ's example of humility and selflessness. He argues that deviation from these teachings leads to errors, as seen in the historical actions of apostles like Peter and Paul when they sought worldly glory. Therefore, maintaining a focus on Christ ensures that individuals and church leaders remain aligned with the core tenets of Christianity, guarding against the lure of power and ambition that can corrupt spiritual authority. Through adherence to Christ's model, the church can faithfully carry out its mission in the world.

Matthew 28:19-20, John 15:4-5

    I have joyfully to tell to all true men that believe what I hold, and legates to the pope; for I suppose that if my faith be rightful and given of God, the pope will gladly confirm it; and if my faith be error, the Pope will wisely amend it. 

    I suppose over this that the gospel of Christ be [the] heart of the corpus of God's law; for I believe that Jesus Christ, that gave in His own person this gospel, is very God and very man, and by this heart passes all other laws

    I suppose over this that the pope be most obliged to the keeping of the gospel among all men that live here; for the pope is highest vicar that Christ has here in earth. For moreness of Christ's vicar is not measured by worldly moreness, but by this, that this vicar sues more Christ by virtuous living; for thus teacheth the gospel, that this is the sentence of Christ. 

    And of this gospel I take as believe, that Christ for [the] time that He walked here, was [the] most poor man of all, both in spirit and in having; for Christ says that He had nought for to rest His head on. And Paul says that He was made needy for our love. And more poor might no man be, neither bodily nor in spirit. And thus Christ put from Him all manner of worldly lordship. For the gospel of John telleth that when they would have made Christ king, He fled and hid Him from them, for He would none such worldly highness. 

    And over this I take it as believe, that no man should sue the pope, nor no saint that now is in heaven, but in as much as he sues Christ. For John and James erred when they coveted worldly highness; and Peter and Paul sinned also when they denied and blasphemed in Christ; but men should not sue them in this, for then they went from Jesus Christ. And this I take as wholesome counsel, that the pope leave his worldly lordship to worldly lords, as Christ gave them,---and move speedily all his clerks to do so. For thus did Christ, and taught thus his disciples, till the fiend had blinded this world. And it seems to some men that clerks that dwell lastingly in this error against God's law, and flee to sue Christ in this, been open heretics, and their fautors been partners. 

    And if I err in this sentence, I will meekly be amended, yea, by the death, if it be skilful, for that I hope were good to me. And if I might travel in mine own person, I would with good will go to the pope. But God has needed me to the contrary, and taught me more obedience to God than to men. And I suppose of our pope that he will not be Antichrist, and reverse Christ in this working, to the contrary of Christ's will; for if he summon against reason, by him or by any of his, and pursue this unskilful summoning, he is an open Antichrist. And merciful intent excused not Peter, that Christ should name him Satan; so blind intent and wicked counsel excuses not the pope here; but if he ask of true priests that they travel more than they may, he is not excused by reason of God, that he should not be Antichrist. For our belief teaches us that our blessed God suffers us not to be tempted more than we may; how should a man ask such service? And therefore pray we to God for our Pope Urban the Sixth, that his old holy intent be not quenched by his enemies. And Christ, that may not lie, says that the enemies of a man been especially his home family; and this is sooth of men and fiends. 


Source: From: Oliver J. Thatcher, ed., The Library of Original Sources (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co., 1907), Vol. V: The Early Medieval World, pp. 378-382.

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