How do we know immersion is not the only valid baptism method?

Evidence from early Christian writings affirms that immersion was not the sole method of baptism. The Didache provides instructions for baptism in running water and allows for pouring if large quantities are unavailable. This showcases a practical approach to baptism in the early church, emphasizing accessibility over a rigid adherence to immersion. Furthermore, passages in the Dead Sea Scrolls illustrate that rituals were performed through aspersion, highlighting that both practices held theological import without necessitating immersion as the exclusive method. The biblical concept of baptism is to symbolize the inner transformation wrought by the Holy Spirit, not merely a physical act of submersion.