How do we know God's love is particular and not universal?

The notion of God's particular love is evident in Romans 9:13, where God specifies His love for Jacob and declares His disdain for Esau. This demonstrates that God's affection is not indiscriminate; rather, it is directed towards His chosen people. In sovereign grace theology, this particularity is fundamental. It shows that God's selection of some for salvation is intentional and rooted in His sovereign will. Additionally, John 10:15 highlights this particular love when Jesus claims to lay down His life for His sheep, signifying that Christ's atonement was specifically for those whom the Father has given to Him, not for all indiscriminately.