How does the concept of the 144,000 relate to spiritual Israel?

The figure of 144,000 in Revelation is interpreted not as a literal count of ethnic Jews but as a symbolic representation of spiritual Israel, comprising all believers—Jew and Gentile alike. This number is derived from the multiples of 12, which signify God's sovereignty and order in establishing His covenant people. Romans 2:28-29 illustrates that true Jews are those whose hearts have been circumcised by faith in Christ, affirming that all believers are part of spiritual Israel. Thus, the 144,000 represents a complete, unnumbered multitude of God's chosen servants.