What does 'born of the flesh' mean in scripture?

'Born of the flesh' signifies the works-based approach to righteousness. In Galatians 4, Paul contrasts Ishmael, who was born of Hagar, with Isaac, who was born of promise through Sarah. Ishmael’s birth symbolizes human effort and reliance on the flesh, reflecting our inability to achieve righteousness of our own. In contrast, being 'born of the Spirit' entails a supernatural transformation by God, allowing believers to experience true freedom and life that comes through faith in Christ, who fulfills the law on our behalf.