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What does the Bible say about the two mothers in Galatians 4?

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Galatians 4 illustrates two covenants through the allegory of two mothers: Hagar, representing the law and bondage, and Sarah, representing grace and freedom.

In Galatians 4, the Apostle Paul uses the story of Abraham's two sons by two mothers as an allegory to depict two covenants. Hagar, the bondwoman, symbolizes the covenant of law given at Mount Sinai, which results in bondage. In contrast, Sarah, the free woman, represents the covenant of grace. This allegorical teaching emphasizes that those who are born of the flesh (Ishmael) are in bondage, while those born of promise (Isaac) are free. Paul clarifies that believers in Christ are made free, as they are spiritual children of promise, receiving their inheritance not through law but through grace.
Scripture References: Galatians 4:21-31

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