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How do we know that Christ's sacrifice was for a specific people?

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Christ's sacrifice is depicted as particular, bearing the names of His people on His heart.

The concept of particular redemption is firmly rooted in Scripture. In Exodus 28, we see that the high priest Aaron carried the names of the children of Israel on his heart as he entered the Holy Place, representing their particular need for atonement. This typology is fulfilled in Christ, who goes to the cross knowing the names of His elect are before Him. He offers His life not for the whole world indiscriminately, but specifically for those whom the Father has given Him. This assures us that Christ's sacrifice is effective for those who believe, confirming the doctrine of limited atonement, as taught in the Reformed tradition. The cross is the decisive act making reconciliation possible for those chosen before the foundation of the world.
Scripture References: John 12:7, Exodus 28:29, Ephesians 1:4-5

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Joshua

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