How do we know humans are dead in trespasses and sins?

The doctrine of original sin teaches that all humanity is affected by the fall of Adam. Romans 5:12 clearly articulates that 'sin entered into the world through one man, and death through sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned.' This passage highlights that every person is born with a sinful nature inherited from Adam, leading to spiritual death and separation from God. Furthermore, Romans 3:10-23 reinforces this by declaring that 'there is none righteous, no, not one,' indicating that every human is inherently sinful and in need of divine intervention for salvation. Without the regenerating work of the Holy Spirit, individuals remain in this state of spiritual death, illustrating the total depravity of man.