How do we know that Jesus really suffered on the cross?

Jesus' suffering on the cross is evidenced by the physical agony He endured, as well as the profound emotional and spiritual turmoil during His crucifixion. The darkness covering the land at that time signifies spiritual desolation, referenced in Zechariah 14:6-7, which echoes the reality of judgment. His cry of forsakenness signifies not merely physical pain but the crushing weight of sin placed upon Him. Thus, we see that in bearing our sins, He experiences true separation from the Father, ultimately securing redemption for His people.