What does the elder son represent in the parable?

In the parable of the prodigal son, the elder son symbolizes the self-righteous attitudes prevalent among the Pharisees and those who think they can earn God's favor through obedience and moral superiority. He protests the celebration for his brother's return, highlighting his belief that his years of service should warrant greater recognition. This reflects a critical misunderstanding of God’s grace, which is freely given rather than earned. The elder son's actions serve as a cautionary example to us, emphasizing that self-righteousness is at odds with true humility and recognition of one’s need for God’s mercy. His inability to rejoice in the father's forgiveness of the younger son illustrates how self-righteousness can blind an individual to the joyous nature of grace.